![]() The common Littrow configuration (see Figure 2a) contains a collimating lens and a diffraction grating as the end mirror. They are also called grating-stabilized diode lasers. Tunable external-cavity diode lasers (→ tunable lasers) usually use a diffraction grating as the wavelength-selective element in the external resonator. Note that there are external-cavity semiconductor lasers which are not diode lasers: optically pumped vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs), not containing a p–n junction. Depending on the additional optical elements required, it is often possible to make miniature lasers of that type.
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